A urinary tract infection is affecting the urinary tract organs such as the kidneys, ureters, urethra, and bladder. Most infections occur and start from the lower urinary tract. It is caused by microorganisms (germs) specifically the bacteria Escherichia coli (E.coli), that enter the urinary system and induce infection. The bacteria are so tiny that they can be seen only with a microscope.
Women are more prone than men to develop urinary tract infections. It is more prevalent among mothers, babies, and elderly. UTI affects around 60% of women at a certain point in their lifetime.
The infection is quite painful and causes discomfort and urination problems. It primarily affects the bladder and urethra and is easily treatable with antibiotics. It might be severe if the infection spreads to the kidneys.
Signs and symptoms of Urinary Tract Infection?
Urinary tract infection can cause a variety of signs and symptoms, depending on the individual and the area of the tract infected.
Lower tract UTI symptoms:
Lower tract infections affect the lower parts of the urinary system, including the urethra and bladder. Lower tract infections can cause the following symptoms:
- Frequent urination
- Rectal pain in men
- Pelvic pain in women
- Cloudy or bloody urine
- The dark colour of urine
- Urine that has a bad odour
- Increased urgency to urination
- Burning sensation during urination
- Urine colour changes like cola colour
- Pain and discomfort in the lower abdomen
Upper tract UTI Symptoms:
Upper tract UTI affects the upper part of the urinary system, such as the kidneys, and if not treated effectively, bacteria can spread from the infected kidneys to the blood, which can be deadly. It is known as urosepsis and causes severe symptoms such as low blood pressure and ultimately death.
Upper tract infections can cause the following symptoms:
- Fever
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Cold chills
- Pain in the backside
- Feeling tired or shaky
What causes Urinary Tract Infections?
Many germs reside on the skin lining of the vaginal and rectum sides. Some bacteria can enter the urethra and travel up to the bladder to cause infection. If the infection is not treated, it progresses to the kidney. If therapy is not received, it creates issues for a long time and remains in the urinary tract.
Women are more susceptible to infection since their urethras are shorter than men’s. The women’s entrance side is near the vagina and anus, where most bacteria live.
Germs can enter the female body in many ways, including sexual intercourse, but this infection is not contagious and cannot be passed on to another person.
Cause and Risk Factors of Urinary Tract Infection:
Various factors increase the likelihood of getting urinary tract infections in the body. Some of the causes and risk factors are listed below:
- Age
- Diabetes
- Pregnancy
- Menopause
- Sexual activity
- Kidney stones
- Previous history
- Female anatomy
- Birth control methods
- Urinary tract obstructions
- Weakened immune system
- Prolonged use of urinary catheters
Age:
Due to their weakened immune systems and other age-related changes in the urinary system, elderly and weaker persons are more likely to contract the infection.
Diabetes:
Women with uncontrolled diabetes have a higher risk of UTI because their immune systems are weak, making them unable to fight off infections in the body.
Pregnancy:
Hormonal changes in the body during pregnancy is the factor that increases your risk of infection.
Menopause:
Women who are going through menopause and have low estrogen levels in their bodies are more likely to develop UTIs.
Sexual activity:
Germs can enter the female urinary tract during sexual activity because they live near the vaginal surface and have access to it during intercourse.
Kidney stones:
A condition that obstructs urine flow, such as kidney stones, may raise the risk of urinary tract infection by holding onto urine.
Previous history:
If you have had a previous UTI infection, there is a possibilty that it will occur again since some risk factors from past infections may be present.
Female anatomy:
Women and men have diverse anatomy and body functions, so they may be prone to different risk factors depending on their gender. Women are more susceptible to infection because their urethras are shorter than men’s, allowing bacteria greater access.
Birth control methods:
Certain types of vaginal birth control methods increase the risk of infection by allowing it to enter throughout the process.
Urinary tract obstructions:
Urinary tract obstructions, such as kidney stones or prostate in males, provide them with a place to live in urine because they restrict the flow of urine and increase their chances of developing urinary tract infection.
Weakened Immune System:
Individuals with medical conditions or on drugs have weakened immune systems, putting them at greater risk of infection.
Prolonged use of urinary catheters:
Catheters are intended to be used for a short period in medical procedures, but if they are used for a long time period, the possibilities of infection, inflammation and difficulties increase.
In order to avoid complications and other health issues, it is essential to recognize the cause and risk factors of urinary tract infections and to adopt preventive measures. Several methods and therapies may be used to cure the infection before it becomes serious, but if it spreads, it will be challenging to manage. Seek immediate medical attention from a healthcare professional if you suspect any of these symptoms; they will provide you with the best therapy and advice.
How is Urinary Tract Infection diagnosed?
Urinary Tract Infection is diagnosed with many procedures such as patient history, signs and symptoms, physical examination and laboratory tests. A medical professional would inquire about your symptoms, examine you physically and if necessary, prescribe urine testing.
The following are some steps taken to confirm a UTI diagnosis:
Medical History:
A healthcare professional will inquire about your medical history and symptoms, such as abdominal discomfort, burning sensations, an awful odour and the colour of your urine to diagnose a UTI.
Physical examination:
The physical examination involves symptoms such as stomach pain, fever, cold chills, or shakiness.
Urine Sample:
A healthcare professional will instruct you on how to collect a clean-catch urine sample. A clean-catch sample is collected throughout the stream rather than at its beginning to avoid contaminating the urine sample. Microbes from the close skin can penetrate the urine sample and contaminate it.
Urinalysis:
It will be identified from urinalysis of urine samples done in the laboratory to examine whether there is involvement of bacteria, white or red blood samples or other reasons.
Urine Cultural Identity:
Urine cultural identity analysis is used to identify the bacterium that is being targeted. It is beneficial to recommend a specific antibiotic that will be effective for the infection, particularly in serious cases such as pregnant women.
The diagnosis of UTI will be confirmed following urine and identification analysis, as well as which antibiotics will be effective for treatment. So, if the condition is severe, it is essential to seek medical attention immediately.
Chronic Urinary Tract Infection:
Most urinary tract infections are treated with antibiotics, but in certain cases, they do not and become serious, particularly in women. Other tests to screen for abnormalities are advised in this circumstance.
Here are some more tests to undertake in severe cases:
Cystoscopy:
A cystoscopy is performed under the direction of a senior doctor. A tiny camera is introduced via your urethra into your bladder to examine it for inflammation. A wire loop is inserted by a healthcare surgeon to remove a little piece of tissue from your bladder. The removed tissue is then sent to a laboratory to determine whether inflammation or cancer has occurred as a result of your current symptoms.
Ultrasound:
An ultrasound is performed by passing a device known as a transducer over your abdomen. The transducer creates a snapshot of your urinary tract organs on a monitor by using ultrasound waves to determine the cause.
CT (Computed Tomography) Scan:
Under senior supervision, a CT scan is performed to collect more snapshots of the urinary system in order to find the underlying problem. It helps to provide an in-depth view of the internal system.
IVP (Intravenous Pyelogram):
An intravenous pyelogram (IVP) is a procedure in which a dye is introduced into your body, which flows through your urinary tract. The abdomen is then X-rayed and the dye on the X-ray scan displays your whole urinary tract.
If your healthcare expert determines from the signs and symptoms that you are suffering from an upper tract infection, they will recommend a complete CBC (blood count test) and blood cultures alongside urine samples. Blood culture identification will identify whether an infection has spread to the bloodstream.
It is also possible that your infection is viral, in which case specific testing will be undertaken. It occurs in rare cases when you have a weaker immune system or have undergone another surgical procedure, such as an organ transplant.
Therefore, if you suspect symptoms, get expert medical attention and do not attempt self-medication.
Types of Urinary Tract Infection:
Urinary tract infection can be categorized into many different types, and infection can occur in different parts of the urinary system. Every type has a distinct name depending on the location of the body.
The following are the most common types of Urinary Tract Infection:
Cystitis:
Cystitis is an infection that develops in the bladder part of the urinary tract and is the most common type of infection. It is induced by bacteria that enter the bladder through the urethra. Symptoms may include a burning feeling, dark urine, lower part discomfort and frequent urination.
Urethritis:
Urethritis is an infection that occurs in the urethra part of the urinary tract. Symptoms may include discharge from the urethra, burning sensations, and a frequent urge to urinate. Urethritis can also occur during sexual activities.
Pyelonephritis:
Pyelonephritis is the most serious infection that spreads in the kidney. If not treated promptly, it spreads from the lower to the upper parts of the urinary system. Their symptoms include high fever, intense discomfort, nausea, and vomiting. It can be dangerous if it spreads and necessitates immediate medical attention.
Urinary Catheters:
Catheters are meant to be used for a short period of time during medical processes, but if they are used for a longer period of time, the risk of infection, inflammation and complications rises. It is common in healthcare settings and the continued use of catheters puts them at a higher risk of infection.
Recurring UTIs:
Some people get ongoing urinary tract infections (UTIs), that occur in a short period of time. Recurrent UTIs could be caused by anatomical defects, urinary tract blockages or a compromised immune system.
Asymptomatic UTI:
Asymptomatic UTIs have bacteria in the urine but do not cause symptoms. It does not require treatment unless it becomes serious and causes symptoms, but pregnant women must consider it if they experience discomfort, pain, or a burning sensation.
It is essential that you note that if you take it easy and do not seek treatment, UTI might be severe. If left untreated, it may be challenging to treat. The nature and severity of the infection will dictate the treatment. Seek advice, management and treatment from a healthcare expert.
Complications of Urinary Tract Infection:
Under professional supervision, urinary tract infections can be easily treated with medications. However, if left untreated, it can lead to major problems and complications that are challenging to treat. It also depends on the location of the infection, its intensity, and the individual’s health.
Complications of the Urinary Tract Infection may include the following:
- If left untreated, it might result in permanent kidney damage due to the severity of the infection.
- It can induce sepsis, a potentially life-threatening infection that occurs when infection progresses to the upper urinary tract.
- UTIs during pregnancy may lead to low birth weight or maternal kidney infections, which can be harmful for both mother and baby.
- Women are more prone to recurring infections, and if it happens twice or three times in six months, it can worsen the situation.
- Inflammation and recurring infections can cause urethral narrowing, making it difficult to pass urine.
- Urinary tract infections can also cause high blood pressure, abscess formation in the kidneys and kidney failure, but only in rare cases.
- Urosepsis is a serious infection caused by bacteria entering the bloodstream through the urinary tract. It occurs when an infection is left untreated.
It is essential to remember that when detected early on, UTIs are manageable with medications. In order to stop the rapid growth of a UTI and its possibility of complications, seek medical assistance. If you assume you have a UTI or encounter symptoms such as fever, severe discomfort or blood in your urine, it is essential to seek medical attention promptly to get effective treatment.
Treatment of Urinary Tract Infection:
The treatment for Urinary Tract Infection differs depending on whether the infection is bacterial, viral, or fungal. The healthcare specialist recommends treatment based on the cause of the problem. He will determine the results of your laboratory tests while providing you with a treatment plan.
Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial urinary tract infections (UTIs). Antivirals are used to treat viral UTIs. Antifungals are used to treat fungal UTIs.
Antibiotic treatment is determined by a number of factors, including the type of infection, symptoms, and underlying health issues.
Here are some steps to take to treat a urinary tract infection:
Diagnosis:
Urinary Tract Infection is diagnosed using techniques, including a patient history, signs and symptoms, physical examination, and laboratory tests. A healthcare professional would ask about your symptoms, check you physically and recommend urine testing and urine culture to determine specific bacteria.
Infection type:
A healthcare professional will conduct laboratory tests to determine whether the infection is bacterial, viral, or fungal, and then recommend treatment options based on the infection.
Prescription:
If the infection is determined to be bacterial, he will give an antibiotic treatment to treat it. Antibiotics such as levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and nitrofurantoin are frequently prescribed.
Antibiotics:
It is essential to pay attention and complete the entire antibiotic course according to instructions to ensure eradication and avoid antibiotic resistance. If you begin to feel better, do not interrupt the course.
Cranberry juice:
Cranberry juice is a remedy that may help prevent urinary tract bacterial infections in the future, but it can’t cure infections that have already begun. It is advised for individuals who have recurring infections.
Symptom reduction:
You can take pain relievers along with your antibiotic course to reduce symptoms like discomfort and pain if your doctor recommends it.
Take rest:
You should get enough rest to support your body’s weakness and the treatment.
Hydration status:
Drink enough water to allow bacteria to drain out of the urinary system so you can get some relief.
Prevention:
Once you’ve fully recovered from your urinary tract infection, take preventative actions to keep yourself safe from infections in the future. This involves managing symptoms promptly, staying hydrated, cleaning yourself before and after sexual activity and prioritizing personal hygiene.
Avoid irritants:
Caffeine, alcohol, spicy meals, deep-fried food and artificial sweeteners should all be restricted since they can irritate the bladder.
Follow-up:
It is essential to keep in touch with your healthcare professional and pay regular visits.
Progression:
Keep track of your progress to see if your symptoms improve. If your symptoms get worse, consult your doctor straight away.
It is essential to remember that a urinary tract infection can be severe when it spreads, necessitating hospitalization. Don’t take it easy and keep in touch with your doctor. Consult a doctor immediately if you have symptoms like a high fever, severe discomfort, nausea or vomiting. Always seek the advice of a healthcare professional for accurate guidance, early treatment and instructions.
Can a Urinary Tract Infection resolve on its own?
A urinary tract infection can sometimes resolve on its own, but this is not always the case. It is determined by the type, symptoms, severity and individual’s health status. When you notice symptoms, you must act quickly since they can become serious and spread. Most UTIs require antibiotic treatment to prevent future infections. It is best to seek early diagnosis and treatment to avoid complications.
The Bottom Line:
Urinary tract infection is a common infection that can be easily treated with medications in its early stages; however, completing the antibiotic course is required to eliminate the infection. Take precautions after treatment to reduce risks.
Maintain a balanced diet and drink enough water to keep your urinary system healthy. Consult your healthcare professional and share everything with them. Keep in touch to ask for appropriate guidance.