Hypothyroidism & Hyperthyroidism
Hypothyroidism
Hypothyroidism is a condition when the thyroid does not produce enough thyroid hormones into the bloodstream and the metabolism slows down. Hypothyroidism is also known as underactive thyroid disease.
The thyroid is a tiny, butterfly-shaped gland in the neck’s lower part. It secretes hormones that assist your body to manage and use energy. The natural bodily functions slow down when thyroid hormone levels are low. They help in the regulation of the heart and digestive system.
Hypothyroidism is more common in women than men and affects adults over the age of 60. It is a curable condition that can be controlled with medications and frequent follow-ups with medical professionals. Most treatments require only supplements to restore normal hormone levels. However, severe Hypothyroidism can be life-threatening so don’t take it easy.
It can be identified through symptoms or blood tests performed for another reason. Symptoms of hypothyroidism are not visible in the early stages. They differ depending on the severity of the disease. Problems often occur slowly, over time.
Signs and Symptoms of Hypothyroidism:
The effects of hypothyroidism differ from person to person and are not visible in the early stages of the condition. It can be seen in the severity of the condition, but common early symptoms include weight gain and fatigue, often linked to old age. However, when your metabolism slows, you may experience prominent symptoms as the severity of the condition worsens.
The most common signs and symptoms of Hypothyroidism may include:
- Dry skin
- Fatigue
- Puffy face
- Depression
- Weight gain
- Feeling cold
- Constipation
- Hoarse voice
- Slow heart rate
- Muscle weakness
- Impaired memory
- Elevated cholesterol
- Decreased sweating
- Thinning and dry hair
- Pain and stiffness in joints
- Muscle aches and stiffness
- Swelling of the thyroid gland
- Changes in the menstrual cycle
Most people’s symptoms worsen gradually over time. As the thyroid slows down, the symptoms may become clearer. Consult your healthcare expert as soon as you notice 50% of these symptoms.
Symptoms of Hypothyroidism in babies:
Babies usually have no symptoms but if present, they might be:
- Laziness
- Puffy face
- Constipation
- Umbilical hernia
- Swollen tongue
- Stomach bloating
- Low muscle growth
- Little or no growth
- Hoarse voice (cry)
- Persistent jaundice
- Poor feeding habits
- Cold hands and feet
If your kid develops these symptoms, do not ignore them and seek medical advice because it is crucial to identify the source.
Symptoms of Hypothyroidism in women:
Women with Hypothyroidism may also experience the following symptoms:
- Fertility difficulties.
- Difficulties during pregnancy, particularly anaemia.
- Menstrual abnormalities, particularly irregular or heavy periods.
It is also common to experience hypothyroidism during pregnancy. Symptoms are usually similar to those seen in other cases of hypothyroidism.
Severe Symptoms of Hypothyroidism:
Additional symptoms could develop if the condition is not treated properly:
- Anaemia
- Hearing loss
- Puffy face
When thyroid levels are severely low, this disorder is known as myxedema. This could be a life-threatening condition with symptoms like:
- Coma
- Anaemia
- Heart failure
- Low blood pressure
- Low body temperature
What causes Hypothyroidism?
An underactive thyroid gland, which fails to produce enough thyroid hormones (T3 and T4), is the main cause of Hypothyroidism.
Our immune system is meant to protect the body’s cells from foreign microbes and viruses. When unfamiliar microbes or viruses enter the body, the immune system responds by transferring fighter cells to attack the foreign cells.
At times body mistakes healthy, normal cells for invading cells. This is known as an autoimmune reaction. If the autoimmune reaction is not controlled or managed, the immune system can target healthy tissues. This can lead to severe medical complications, such as hypothyroidism.
Common causes of hypothyroidism include:
- Hashimotos Thyroiditis
- Medications
- Thyroid surgery
- Ageing
- Pregnancy
- Iodine deficiency
- Pituitary disorders
- Certain diseases
- Radiation therapy
- Congenital Hypothyroidism
Hashimotos Thyroiditis:
Hashimotos Thyroiditis is an autoimmune disease in which the body’s immune system mistakenly harms the thyroid gland, causing inflammation. This disorder impairs thyroid function, and the thyroid may not produce enough hormones.
Medications:
Several medications can interfere with thyroid hormone production and result in Hypothyroidism. Some medications are used to treat heart illness, mental health issues and cancer, such as amiodarone which is used to treat heart arrhythmias and interleukin-2 is an immunotherapy medicine.
Thyroid Surgery:
In certain cases, such as thyroid cancer treatment, the thyroid is surgically removed or exposed to radiation, resulting in Hypothyroidism. This procedure requires a thorough examination and blood testing to determine what treatment should be given.
Ageing:
Age-related changes in bodily functioning raise the risk of Hypothyroidism.
Pregnancy:
Postpartum Thyroiditis is a disorder in which women may experience Hypothyroidism during or after pregnancy.
Iodine Deficiency:
Iodine deficiency is the most widespread cause of Hypothyroidism because iodine is required for the production of hormones. Iodine deficiency, on the other hand, is now being addressed in most parts of the world using iodized salt and dietary changes.
If you are deficient in iodine, you might experience swelling around the lower part of your neck, known as a goitre.
Pituitary Disorders:
Hypothyroidism can be caused by pituitary gland malfunction. The pituitary glands generate TSH (thyroid stimulating hormones), which stimulates the thyroid glands to make thyroid hormones. If the pituitary gland does not produce TSH, this can also lead to Hypothyroidism.
Certain Diseases:
Some chronic inflammatory conditions can interfere with thyroid function, resulting in Hypothyroidism.
Radiation therapy:
Radiation therapy is used to treat cancer, and these treatments of radiation may decrease or stop the production of thyroid hormones, resulting in Hypothyroidism.
Congenital Hypothyroidism:
Congenital Hypothyroidism is a type of hypothyroidism that occurs in newborns from birth. Because of genetic or developmental abnormalities, they are born with an underactive thyroid gland. Some newborns may show no signs, while others may be less active or have difficulty feeding. It is critical to treat congenital hypothyroidism so that growth and mental development are not affected.
It is essential to identify the cause of Hypothyroidism to get started on medical care as soon as possible. If you detect any symptoms, consult a healthcare professional immediately.
Risk factors of Hypothyroidism:
Women, elderly women especially, are more prone than men to be diagnosed with Hypothyroidism. They are also more prone to developing Hypothyroidism if they have someone in their family who has an autoimmune disorder.
Many factors increase the risk of developing Hypothyroidism:
- Age
- Gender
- Stress
- Pregnancy
- Iodine Intake
- Autoimmune disorders
- Radiation exposure
- History of thyroid disorders
Age:
Older persons, particularly women over the age of 60, are more likely to be diagnosed with Hypothyroidism therefore, the risk of disease increases with age.
Gender:
Women are more likely to be diagnosed with Hypothyroidism than men. This could be due to hormone imbalances or immune system variables, although the specific reason is unknown.
Stress:
Physical or emotional stress, such as major surgery or trauma, can impair thyroid gland functions that raise the risk of Hypothyroidism.
Pregnancy:
Due to hormonal changes during or after pregnancy, pregnant women are more likely to develop Hypothyroidism.
Iodine Intake:
Iodine deficiency is a risk factor for Hypothyroidism however, it is no longer common in various regions of the world due to the usage of iodized salt. Both insufficiency and excessiveness in iodine might contribute to slowing down thyroid functions.
Autoimmune Disorders:
Other autoimmune conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, celiac disease or type 1 diabetes, increase the likelihood of developing autoimmune thyroid conditions such as Hashimoto’s thyroiditis.
Radiation Exposure:
Radiation exposures, either in medical treatment or for environmental reasons, might raise the risk of thyroid malfunction, causing Hypothyroidism.
History of thyroid disorders:
A family history of thyroid problems, such as Hypothyroidism or autoimmune thyroid illnesses, can increase the likelihood of getting the condition.
It is critical to understand that having one or two risk factors will not contribute to the development of Hypothyroidism. However, it is important to recognise the disease’s signs and symptoms. If you suspect you have thyroid symptoms, consult your healthcare professional immediately.
How is Hypothyroidism diagnosed?
Hypothyroidism is diagnosed through a combination of laboratory tests, medical tests, and physical examinations. If you have Hypothyroidism symptoms, your doctor will advise blood tests to check your hormone levels. This may include:
T4 – Thyroxin
TSH – Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
Lower-than-normal T4 levels usually indicate Hypothyroidism. However, some patients may have elevated TSH levels while having normal T4 levels. This is referred to as subclinical hypothyroidism. It is thought to be the first and mild stage of Hypothyroidism.
Medical History:
The first stage in diagnosing the condition is to conduct a comprehensive medical history and inquire about the symptoms. Inform your doctor if hypothyroidism exists in your family.
Physical Examination:
During the physical examination, the healthcare expert examines for signs such as dry skin, hair loss, weight gain, face puffiness, and so on.
Antibody tests:
When an autoimmune cause of Hypothyroidism is identified (Hashimoto’s thyroiditis), a medical professional could suggest tests to detect particular antibodies, such as anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb) and anti-thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAb).
Thyroid function tests:
The main laboratory test for hypothyroidism is a blood test which evaluates thyroid hormone and TSH levels in the bloodstream.
The laboratory tests include:
- FT4 (Free Thyroxin Test) – Low FT4 levels indicate Hypothyroidism.
- TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone) – High levels of TSH indicate Hypothyroidism.
Other tests are also available but are not required to diagnose the condition.
After all of these tests and examinations, a proper clinical evaluation is required to determine the condition. However, because this is a complex process, tests and treatment should be performed under professional supervision. Early intervention can help ease symptoms. Consult a healthcare expert for the right guidance, diagnosis, and treatment.
Complications of Hypothyroidism:
Hypothyroidism, if left untreated or improperly managed, can cause various issues affecting numerous parts of the body. Hypothyroidism can lead to the following complications:
- Goiter
- Infertility
- Anaemia
- Obesity
- Joint pain
- Myopathy
- Birth defects
- Heart issues
- Menstrual irregularities
- Myxedema coma
- Peripheral neuropathy
- Mental health changes
- Pregnancy complications
Goitre:
Goitre develops when the thyroid gland enlarges due to Hypothyroidism. A big goitre interferes with swallowing and breathing.
Infertility:
Low thyroid hormone levels could stop ovulation, which can affect fertility. Some of the reasons for Hypothyroidism, like autoimmune diseases, can also affect fertility.
Anaemia:
Menstrual abnormalities, impaired iron absorption, and changes in red blood cell formation can all lead to anaemia in hypothyroid people.
Obesity:
The body may burn fewer calories at rest if hypothyroidism slows its metabolic rate. Due to the slow metabolism, it is easier to gain and hard to lose.
Joint pain:
The most common and significant cause of Hypothyroidism is joint pain. Although the exact cause is unknown, it may be due to inflammation, obesity, autoimmune conditions, or muscle weakness.
Myopathy:
Hypothyroidism can induce muscle weakness and myopathy, affecting daily activities challenging.
Birth Defects:
Low levels of thyroid hormone can lead to miscarriage, premature birth, and growth restriction in newborns.
Heart Issues:
Hypothyroidism can cause cardiac diseases, such as heart failure and heart attacks, mainly due to high levels of cholesterol and triglycerides in the bloodstream.
Menstrual Irregularities:
Untreated Hypothyroidism in women can cause problems in the menstrual cycle, which can result in no periods or irregular periods.
Myxedema coma:
This life-threatening disease can develop if hypothyroidism is left untreated over a long period. It can cause swelling of the face, hands and feet.
Peripheral Neuropathy:
Peripheral neuropathy, a condition caused by untreated and chronic Hypothyroidism, can harm the nerves. These nerves convey messages from the brain to the body’s other organs. In the hands and feet, it may cause discomfort, numbness, and tingling.
Mental Health Changes:
Long-term Hypothyroidism can lead to depression, anxiety, memory loss, and other mental health problems.
Pregnancy Complications:
Long-term untreated Hypothyroidism during pregnancy can be challenging for both the mother and the baby, which can lead to an increased risk of early birth and developmental problems in the infant.
It is important to realise that not every hypothyroid patient will experience these complications, but early detection and treatment of the condition can be beneficial. As a result, it is best to consult a healthcare professional right away if you notice any signs or symptoms of Hypothyroidism to seek the correct diagnosis, management, and treatment.
The connection between Hypothyroidism and Depression:
The link between Hypothyroidism and depression is complex. Hypothyroidism has a variety of adverse effects on the body which may lead to the development of depression. This occurs as a result of low thyroid hormone levels, and several additional symptoms may develop in the body.
Here are a few key features that contribute to depression in hypothyroid patients:
- Stress
- Fatigue
- Medications
- Inflammation
- Hormonal imbalance
- Neurotransmitter imbalance
The identification of depression is determined based on symptoms and medical history. The healthcare professional may prescribe the tests to provide a conclusive diagnosis and determine whether there is a connection between depression and thyroid function.
The severity of symptoms, however, differs from person to person. Depression and thyroid function problems are not common. It is advised to follow your healthcare professional’s advice for the most beneficial therapy.
Effects of Hypothyroidism on Pregnancy:
If left untreated, Hypothyroidism can cause a variety of complications during pregnancy. People with thyroid dysfunction often have healthy pregnancies, but it is critical to treat the symptoms to overcome the challenges that could cause a detrimental impact on the mother and baby’s health.
Thyroid dysfunction or untreated Hypothyroidism during pregnancy may occur:
- Anaemia
- Miscarriage
- Preeclampsia
- Premature birth
- Birth abnormalities
- Postpartum thyroiditis
- Fetal brain development difficulties
If you are pregnant and hypothyroid, you should take the following precautions:
- Medical follow-ups
- Regular consultations
- Lifestyle modifications
- Preconception prepping
- Eat a well-balanced diet
- Recommended supplements
- Continue prescribed medications
Hypothyroid patients during pregnancy should receive individualized care. So it is advised, to consult your healthcare professional who can provide a customised treatment plan based on your particular health needs and thyroid function.
Treatment of Hypothyroidism:
The treatment of hypothyroidism begins with medicine. Hypothyroidism is a long-term condition and medications can help alleviate symptoms.
Levothyroxine (Levo-T, Synthroid) is a medication that restores hormone levels to normal levels, hence alleviating Hypothyroidism symptoms within three weeks. It will take a few weeks for you to feel well. Blood tests will be performed to determine progress. In some situations, you may require the medications for the rest of your life, and doctors may adjust the dosage based on your condition.
TSH levels must be checked after a few weeks. This is a critical step since too much levothyroxine might have the following negative effects:
- Tiredness
- Shakiness
- Increased appetite
- Sleep disturbance
- Heart palpitations
Levothyroxine usually produces no negative effects, but if administered incorrectly, it might create problems.
Levothyroxine Medicine Correct Usage:
Following are some tips on how to include this medication into your routine:
- It is preferable to take levothyroxine on an empty stomach at the same time every day for the best results.
- Wait (30-60 minutes) before eating or taking additional medications.
- Wait (four hours) after your last supper or snack before taking the medicines if you take them before night.
- Do not miss doses or discontinue medication because you feel well.
- If you forget to take your levothyroxine, take two pills the following day.
Other than thyroid medicines, animal extracts containing thyroid hormones are also available for treatment. These extracts are derived from the thyroid glands of pigs. They include both T4 and T3.
However, these steps are critical, and it is important to follow the advice of your medical professional. Inquire about your health and medication in detail. Also, inform your doctor if you take any supplements, particularly ones containing iron, calcium, or aluminium hydroxide.
What happens if Hypothyroidism not treated?
If untreated, Hypothyroidism may progress to a serious and potentially life-threatening medical condition and your symptoms may worsen. Severe conditions could include:
- Goitre
- Heart problems
- Myxedema coma
- Breathing difficulties
- Mental health problems
Dietary Recommendations:
Here are some dietary recommendations that are required to support hypothyroidism:
Iodine-rich foods:
Iodine-rich foods are needed to support thyroid functions in Hypothyroidism. With the guidance of a nutritionist, this must be the proper amount, though, as too much may worsen thyroid function. Iodine-rich foods include:
- Iodized salt
- Eggs
- Dairy products
- Seafood
- Seaweed
Balanced Micronutrients:
The diet should include a variety of complex carbohydrates, lean proteins, and healthy fats to meet all of the body’s nutritional requirements. Carbohydrates supply energy to the body in the form of glucose while protein and healthy fats support the body’s functions.
Limited Processed Foods:
Highly processed meals, such as sugary drinks, fast food, and desserts, should be avoided because they worsen inflammation and disrupt hormone regulation.
Monitor Soy Intake:
Soy consumption can be linked to Hypothyroidism, hence it should be monitored in infants who are being treated with Hypothyroidism and are drinking soy formula. Soy food includes:
- Tofu
- Soybeans
- Soy milk
- Soy sauce
- Meat products
- Vegan cheese
Overconsumption of soy-based drinks or foods, particularly in those with thyroid problems, could affect thyroid function.
Foods to Eat:
A nutritious food-rich diet may help improve overall health and encourage optimal body weight maintenance. Nutrient-dense diet may help minimize the risk of Hypothyroidism-related health issues like heart disease, obesity, and type 2 diabetes.
The following foods can be added to the diet of hypothyroid people:
Iodine-Rich Foods such as:
Seafood
Seaweed
Dairy products
Healthy Fats such as:
Fatty fish
Olive oil
Nuts
Gluten-free Grains such as:
Quinoa
Brown rice
Oats
Brown rice
Pasta
Selenium-Rich Foods such as:
Nuts
Tuna
Eggs
Legumes
Lean Proteins such as:
Fish
Poultry
Legumes
Lentils
Beans
Zinc-containing foods such as:
Chicken
Pumpkin seeds
Legumes
Starchy Vegetables such as:
Sweet potatoes
Potatoes
Peas
Non-Starchy Vegetables such as:
Greens
Carrots
Peppers
Spinach
Colourful Fruits such as:
Berries
Apples
Peaches
Pears
Dairy Products such as:
Coconut milk
Almond milk
Cheese
Spices and Herbs such as:
Paprika
Saffron
Turmeric
Beverages such as:
Water
Coffee
Unsweetened tea
Other Important Nutrients include:
- B12
- Iron
- Magnesium
- Vitamin D
People with Hypothyroidism tend to be deficient in certain nutrients, thus supplementation is required. Certain foods, vitamins and minerals can help boost thyroid function. However, this should only be done under the guidance of a medical professional.
Keep in consideration that some individuals with hypothyroidism may benefit from eliminating gluten and other items such as dairy, while some may not need to do so and may be able to eat gluten and dairy without any trouble.
Foods to Avoid:
The following foods should be excluded from the diet of people who have hypothyroidism:
- Processed Foods such as unhealthy fats, sugars and fried foods.
- Goitrogenic Foods such as:
- Cruciferous vegetables like cabbage, broccoli and cauliflower.
- Flaxseeds and pearl millet.
- Soy-based products.
These foods when consumed in excess can cause problems with iodine intake and thyroid function.
- Excessive Caffeine such as coffee, tea and energy drinks.
Frequently Asked Questions for Hypothyroidism:
Q1: Is Hypothyroidism reversible?
Although Hypothyroidism is not reversible, it can be properly treated with ongoing thyroid hormone replacement medication.
Q2: Can Hypothyroidism lead to weight gain?
Hypothyroidism can cause weight gain due to slower metabolism and accumulation of fluid.
Q3: Can lifestyle modifications help in Hypothyroidism management?
Yes. Following a balanced diet, exercising, managing stress, and getting enough sleep can help people with Hypothyroidism feel better overall.
Q4: Is it possible to prevent Hypothyroidism?
Early detection and effective therapy can reduce challenges and improve the quality of life.
Q5: Can Hypothyroidism affect a woman’s fertility?
Yes. Untreated Hypothyroidism can cause menstruation abnormalities and ovulation difficulties both of which can have an impact on fertility.
Q6: Is it safe to exercise if you have Hypothyroidism?
Yes. Exercise is safe, but it’s crucial to pay attention to your body and seek advice from a medical professional for the best outcome.
Q7: When should I see a doctor?
Consult your healthcare professional if you are experiencing Hypothyroidism symptoms so that they can give you the appropriate treatment strategy.
Q8: Can Hypothyroidism cause constipation?
Yes. Hypothyroidism can cause digestive problems such as constipation.
Q9: Can you have Hypothyroidism symptoms even if your thyroid blood test results are normal?
Yes. Individuals can sometimes show signs of Hypothyroidism. The condition can be referred to as “subclinical hypothyroidism,” and careful monitoring will be required.
Q10: Do changes in taste and appetite result from Hypothyroidism?
Some Hypothyroidism patients may indeed notice a difference in taste perception along with changes in appetite and dietary choices.
Hyperthyroidism
Hyperthyroidism is a condition, in which the thyroid overproduces thyroid hormones in the bloodstream, causing the body’s metabolism to speed up. Hyperthyroidism is also referred to as an overactive thyroid. This can result in a variety of symptoms, including weight loss, hand tremors, and a rapid or irregular heartbeat.
The thyroid is a tiny, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck’s lower part. It secretes hormones that assist your body to manage and use energy. When your thyroid produces too much T3, T4, or both, it speeds up your body’s functions, causing discomfort. Hyperthyroidism symptoms can be relieved if diagnosed and treated early.
Signs and Symptoms of Hyperthyroidism:
The effects of Hyperthyroidism differ from person to person and are not visible in the early stages of the condition. It can be seen in the severity of the condition, but common early symptoms include weight loss and increased appetite. However, when your metabolism speeds up, you may experience prominent symptoms as the severity of the condition worsens.
The most common signs and symptoms of Hyperthyroidism may include:
- Goiter
- Hair loss
- Diarrhoea
- Tiredness
- Weight loss
- Sleep issues
- Thinning skin
- Nervousness
- Hand tremors
- Bulging eyes
- Heat intolerance
- Vision changes
- Muscle weakness
- Increased appetite
- Excessive sweating
- Menstrual changes
- Increased bowel movements
- Tachycardia (rapid heartbeat)
Most people’s symptoms worsen gradually over time. As time passes, the symptoms may become clearer. Consult your healthcare expert as soon as you notice 50% of these symptoms.
What causes Hyperthyroidism?
An overactive thyroid gland that overproduces thyroid hormones (T3 and T4), is the main cause of Hyperthyroidism.
Common causes of Hyperthyroidism:
Hyperthyroidism can be triggered by several factors such as:
- Graves Disease
- Thyroiditis
- Toxic thyroid nodules
- Multinodular goitre
- High levels of T4
- Excessive iodine intake
Graves’ Disease:
Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disease, is the most prominent cause of hyperthyroidism. Graves’ disease occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks the thyroid gland with antibodies, which leads to the secretion of too much hormone.
Thyroiditis:
This is a condition in which the thyroid glands swell and the inflammation causes more thyroid hormones to be released.
Toxic thyroid nodules:
Some of the nodules are cancerous, and one nodule in the thyroid gland becomes overactive, causing an excess of thyroid hormones to be released.
Multinodular goitre:
Multiple nodules form in the thyroid gland, some of which produce a large amount of thyroid hormone.
High levels of T4:
T4 levels in the blood rise as a result of dietary supplements or overuse of medication such as levothyroxine.
Excessive iodine intake:
Hyperthyroidism can occur by taking excessive amounts of iodine, either through medication or diet.
It is crucial to identify the cause of hyperthyroidism to get started on medical care as soon as possible. If you detect any symptoms, consult a healthcare professional immediately.
Risk factors of Hyperthyroidism:
Risk factors of Hyperthyroidism may include:
- Age
- Gender
- Smoking
- Pregnancy
- Iodine Intake
- Autoimmune disorders
- Radiation exposure
- History of thyroid disorders
Age:
Hyperthyroidism can occur at any age but it is most common in adults between 20 to 60.
Gender:
Women are more likely to be diagnosed with Hyperthyroidism than men, particularly during their childbearing age and menopause.
Smoking:
Graves’ disease, which can cause Hyperthyroidism, has been linked to a higher chance of development among smokers.
Pregnancy:
Due to hormonal changes during or after pregnancy, pregnant women are more likely to develop Hyperthyroidism. This condition may also be known as Gestational Graves’ Disease.
Iodine Intake:
Iodine toxicity is one of the risk factors for Hyperthyroidism. Both insufficiency and excessiveness in iodine might contribute to affecting thyroid functions.
Autoimmune Disorders:
Other autoimmune conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes and pernicious anemia increase the likelihood of developing autoimmune thyroid conditions such as Graves’ disease.
Radiation Exposure:
Radiation exposures, either in medical treatment or for environmental reasons, might raise the risk of thyroid malfunction, causing Hyperthyroidism.
History of thyroid disorders:
A family history of thyroid problems, such as hyperthyroidism or autoimmune thyroid illnesses, can increase the likelihood of getting the condition.
It is critical to understand that having one or two risk factors will not contribute to the development of Hyperthyroidism. However, it is important to identify the disease’s signs and symptoms. If you suspect you have thyroid symptoms, consult your healthcare professional immediately.
How is Hyperthyroidism diagnosed?
Hyperthyroidism is diagnosed through a combination of laboratory tests, medical tests, and physical examinations. If you have hyperthyroidism symptoms, your doctor will advise blood tests to check your hormone levels.
The following diagnostic tests may include:
- T4, free T4, and T3 levels test
- Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
- Ultrasound
- Thyroid Scan
- Thyroid Antibody Tests
- MRI or CT scans
T4, free T4, and T3 levels test:
These tests will determine the amount of thyroid hormones in the blood.
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH):
When thyroid hormone levels rise, the pituitary gland responds by reducing TSH production. An abnormally low TSH level may be a symptom of Hyperthyroidism.
Ultrasound:
Ultrasounds can identify the size of the thyroid glands and whether the mass is solid or cystic.
Thyroid scan:
A thyroid scan can identify whether the disease is affecting the entire gland or just one area.
Thyroid antibody tests:
Thyroid antibody tests can detect antibodies that target the thyroid gland specifically.
MRI or CT scans:
A CT scan or MRI may identify the presence of a pituitary tumour.
These are complex processes, however, tests and treatment should be performed under professional supervision. Early intervention can help ease symptoms. Consult a healthcare professional for the right guidance, diagnosis, and treatment.
Complications of Hyperthyroidism:
Hyperthyroidism, if left untreated or improperly managed, can cause various issues affecting numerous parts of the body. Hyperthyroidism can result in the following complications:
- Cancer
- Osteoporosis
- Thyroid storm
- Skin changes
- Thyroid nodules or goitre
- Pregnancy complications
- Cardiovascular complications
Cancer:
Thyroid cancer is common in hypothyroid individuals if not treated effectively and can be more aggressive.
Osteoporosis:
Hyperthyroidism can cause your bones to become weak and brittle, which can lead to osteoporosis. If the treatment persists the doctor may prescribe calcium and vitamin D supplements.
Thyroid storm:
A thyroid storm is a possibly life-threatening condition that arises when Hyperthyroidism goes untreated or is not treated properly on time. Organ failure, elevated blood pressure, and a rapid heart rate are indicators of this condition.
Skin changes:
Hyperthyroidism can produce excessive sweating and skin flushing, especially on the face which affects the skin.
Thyroid nodules or goitre:
Long-term untreated Hyperthyroidism can develop thyroid nodules or goitre, the enlargement of the thyroid gland.
Pregnancy complications:
Thyroid hormone levels that are too high can harm both the mother’s and the fetus’s health. Untreated and long-term hyperthyroidism can lead to miscarriage, low birth weight, growth problems, etc.
Cardiovascular complications:
Hyperthyroidism causes a fast heart rate, which can lead to heart failure or other life-threatening complications if not treated properly.
It is important to realise that not every hyperthyroid patient will experience these complications, but early detection and treatment of the condition can be beneficial. As a result, it is best to consult a healthcare professional right away if you notice any signs or symptoms of Hyperthyroidism to seek the correct diagnosis, management, and treatment.
Hyperthyroidism and Pregnancy:
Untreated Hyperthyroidism can lead to several pregnancy complications. It gets more difficult to conceive for people who have Hyperthyroidism. Those who have an overactive thyroid might experience a slight rise in thyroid size during pregnancy.
Thyroid dysfunction or untreated Hyperthyroidism during pregnancy may occur:
- Heart issues
- Pregnancy loss
- Low birth weight
- Birth abnormalities
- Maternal high blood pressure
With proper treatment, most pregnancies go smoothly. Hyperthyroid patients during pregnancy should receive individualized care. So it is advised, to consult your healthcare professional who can provide a customised treatment plan based on your particular health needs and thyroid function.
Hyperthyroidism and Weight Loss:
Thyroid hormones are involved in metabolic regulation. The metabolism determines how much energy the body utilizes, this indicates that thyroid hormone has an impact on the basal metabolic rate as well. This is the amount of energy the body utilizes to continue working while at rest.
Thyroid hormone levels that are higher than normal are linked to a high baseline metabolic weight. The body uses more energy while at rest, resulting in weight loss, which is the most common sign of Hyperthyroidism.
However, other additional factors can contribute to losing or gaining weight with thyroid problems.
Treatment of Hyperthyroidism:
The specific treatment technique may differ depending on the underlying reason, like the severity of Hyperthyroidism and individual health issues. The treatment of Hyperthyroidism begins with medicine. Hyperthyroidism is a long-term condition and medications can help alleviate symptoms.
Medication:
The most commonly prescribed anti-thyroid medicines are thioamides, such as methimazole (MMI) and propylthiouracil (PTU). Thionamides have been prescribed to manage hyperthyroidism for ages and have been declared safe for children, adults and also for pregnant women. Anti-thyroid medicine can cause adverse reactions such as painful joints, hair loss, rashes and liver failure in rare situations.
Radioactive Iodine Therapy:
Radioactive iodine therapy also referred to as radioiodine, is administered orally. It targets cells that overproduce thyroid hormones while causing no harm to other tissues.
People who undergo radioiodine treatment are more likely to develop hypothyroidism, which is easier to manage. They can be used in the treatment of thyroid cancer.
Thyroid Surgery:
The surgical removal of the thyroid gland is known as a thyroidectomy. This surgical procedure is advised for patients who have not responded to other treatments.
In certain situations, such as large goitres or nodules, or when alternative therapies are not suitable or preferred surgical removal may be advised.
If the thyroid glands are removed during surgery, you will require thyroid supplements for the rest of your life.
Beta-blockers:
Beta-blockers may help to alleviate symptoms. They prevent the adverse effects of excess thyroid hormones on the heart and alleviate some of the symptoms related to hyperthyroidism.
Supportive Therapy:
In addition to advanced Hyperthyroidism treatments, supportive therapy is necessary to manage symptoms and improve overall health. This may involve nutritional recommendations, stress management approaches, etc.
However, these steps are critical, and it is important to follow the advice of your medical professional. Inquire about your health and medication in detail and consider regular follow-ups with your healthcare professional.
What happens if Hyperthyroidism not treated?
If left untreated, Hyperthyroidism may progress to a serious and potentially life-threatening medical condition and your symptoms may worsen. Severe conditions could include:
- Stroke
- Heart failure
- Osteoporosis
- Atrial fibrillation
- Thyrotoxicosis Crisis
Dietary Recommendations:
Here are some dietary recommendations that are required to support Hyperthyroidism:
Moderate Iodine Intake:
Iodine consumption is necessary to support thyroid functioning but iodine toxicity may worsen hyperthyroidism symptoms. It is advised to consume modest amounts of iodine through your diet and supplements.
Balanced Micronutrients:
The diet should include a variety of complex carbohydrates, lean proteins, and healthy fats to meet all of the body’s nutritional requirements. Carbohydrates supply energy to the body in the form of glucose while protein and healthy fats support the body’s functions.
Limited Processed Foods:
Highly processed meals, such as sugary drinks, fast food, and desserts, should be avoided because they worsen inflammation and disrupt hormone regulation.
Limit Goitrogenic Foods:
Limiting Goitrogenic food intakes such as cruciferous vegetables like cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower and soy products can be essential. These foods when consumed in excess can cause problems with iodine intake and thyroid function.
Omega-3 Fatty Acids:
Patients with Hyperthyroidism may benefit from an omega-3-rich diet because of its anti-inflammatory benefits, which include fatty fish, chia seeds, and other sources of fat.
Hydration:
Drink lots of water and avoid excessive coffee, which can aggravate anxiety and irritability symptoms and is also beneficial for overall health.
Dietary requirements vary from person to person, therefore it is critical to consult with a healthcare professional or a registered dietitian to develop a customized meal plan that meets your specific health requirements and preferences.
Foods to Eat:
A nutritious food-rich diet may help improve overall health and encourage optimal body weight maintenance. Nutrient-dense diet may help minimize the risk of Hyperthyroidism-related health issues like rapid heart rate, osteoporosis and cardiovascular complications.
The following foods can be included in the diet of hyperthyroid people:
Low-iodine foods such as:
Non- iodized salt
Egg whites
Unsalted nuts
Homemade bread
Oats
Potatoes
Lean proteins such as:
Poultry
Beans
Lentils
Tofu
Low-fat dairy
Healthy fats such as:
Flaxseed oil
Olive oil
Avocado oil
Coconut oil
Avocado
Unsalted nuts and seeds
Colourful fruits and vegetables such as:
Leafy greens
Broccoli
Kale
Cauliflower
Bell peppers
Citrus fruits
Berries
Iron-containing foods such as:
Leafy greens
Dried beans
Seeds
Red meat
Nuts
Lentils
Poultry
Calcium-rich foods such as:
Spinach
Kale
Okra
White beans
Calcium-fortified cereals
Vitamin D-containing foods such as:
Mushrooms
Fatty fish
Beef liver
Vitamin D-fortified cereals
Selenium-rich foods such as:
Oat bran
Rice
Sunflower seeds
Chia seeds
Mushrooms
Meat
Poultry
Zinc-containing foods such as:
Beef
Chickpeas
Mushrooms
Pumpkin seeds
Cashews
Caffeinated beverages such as:
Herbal teas
Flavoured water
Apple cider
Spices such as:
Turmeric
Green chillies
Black pepper
People with Hyperthyroidism tend to be deficient in certain nutrients, thus supplementation is required. Certain foods, vitamins and minerals can help boost thyroid function. However, this should only be performed under the guidance of a medical professional.
Foods to avoid:
Seafood and seafood additives such as:
Prawns
Seaweed
Sushi
Algae
Crabs
Etc
Iodine-rich foods such as:
Egg yolks
Milk
Cheese
Iodized salt
Iodized water
Medications that contain iodine such as:
Cough syrups
Amiodarone
Supplements
Gluten-containing foods such as:
Wheat
Barley
Rye
Malt
Yeast
Soy-based products such as:
Soy sauce
Soy milk
Soy-based creamers
Caffeine-added food such as:
Coffee
Chocolate
Soda
Tea
Fried and fatty food such as:
Doughnuts
Fries
Deep fried items
Refined carbohydrates such as:
White bread
White flour
Pastries
Pasta
White rice
Excessive sugars such as:
Ice cream
Fruit juices
Cereal bars
Cakes
Candies
Excessive salts such as:
Frozen meat
Salted nuts
Sausages
Canned meat
Frequently Asked Questions of Hyperthyroidism:
Q1: Is Hyperthyroidism treatable?
Some cases of Hyperthyroidism may go into recovery, but thyroid hormone levels must be managed regularly.
Q2: Can Hyperthyroidism lead to weight loss?
Yes. Hyperthyroidism can cause weight loss due to a faster metabolic rate along with other conditions.
Q3: Can stress lead to Hyperthyroidism?
Stress can not cause Hyperthyroidism itself but can trigger the symptoms and may worsen the condition.
Q4: Can a woman with Hyperthyroidism safely get pregnant?
Women with Hyperthyroidism may get pregnant, but to reduce the challenges for the mother and unborn child, it must be effectively managed before and during pregnancy.
Q5: Is breastfeeding safe if I suffer from Hyperthyroidism?
Breastfeeding is generally safe while undergoing therapy for hyperthyroidism. However, it is critical to talk with your medical professional to identify the best management strategy during nursing.
Q6: Can Hyperthyroidism develop sleep difficulties?
Yes. Hyperthyroidism may interfere with sleep due to anxiety and increased energy levels.
Q7: Is it possible to treat Hyperthyroidism without medicines or surgery?
Slight Hyperthyroidism does not always need immediate therapy. Proper monitoring and medical examination are required to avoid any possible issues.
Q8: Can lifestyle modifications help in Hyperthyroidism management?
Yes. Following a balanced diet, exercising, managing stress, and getting enough sleep can help people with Hyperthyroidism feel better overall.
Q9: Can Hyperthyroidism cause high blood pressure?
Yes. Hyperthyroidism can cause high blood pressure due to faster heart rate and cardiac activity.
Q10: When should I see a doctor?
Consult your healthcare professional if you are experiencing Hyperthyroidism symptoms so that they can give you the appropriate treatment strategy.